Sunday 19 January 2014

The Human Genome project is said to be the biggest project in the history of science. It all began when James Watson and his partner Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA. This revolutionized science, and all research to come along with it. James Watson was chosen to be the leader/president of this enormous project, and with that title, he applied for a three billion dollar grant from the U.S government. The large grant was given, and the Human Genome was on its way to be sequenced. After a long and controversial race, the Human Genome was discovered and available to the public. Now the debate starts; Pandora's box is already open, should the scientists of the world fiddle with it or should they close it right back up? The answer is to investigate and manipulate it for medical health reasons.
            It is clear and simple that the Human Genome should be manipulated for medical health reasons. Scientists have come up with an autism test to check if the offspring will be born with the disability. This is a sad but subliminal message of saying "here's your chance/reason to have an abortion" that many parents would have to face. Instead of being able to determine whether the child will be autistic, might as well be able to avoid the disability. Removing the disability from a child could save its life, and effectively reduce the rate of abortions. Any parent of a disabled child can admit that it is much more difficult to raise and take care of one rather than a healthy child. Why make it harder on parents when you don't have to? The point of the Human Genome is to facilitate life, and that would do the trick. There's absolutely no point in keeping a three billion dollar project locked up without further research. Everybody cries for cures for mental illnesses but when the potential cure is right in front of their eyes they're too scared to go for it. Science is all about taking a risk; if scientists were too scared of the outcome our world would not be where we are today. If Thomas Edison had decided that the lightning bolt that hit him frightened him, and didn't want to investigate it, we would not have electricity. Science is about exploring the potential of creating a better life. The entire world gives millions upon millions of dollars for cancer research. The cure for cancer could possibly be in Pandora's box; but if the world is too scared to look, we'll never find out. Closing Pandora's box will be a larger waste of money than Kim Kardashian's 72 day marriage with Kris Humphries.
            The manipulation of the Human Genome will be used strictly for medical purposes. For those wondering if it will become out of control and the public will request traits pertaining to their look will not happen. The decision of where the line is made will be determined by an international discussion amongst countries of the world. It should be agreed upon that it will be strictly to cure the world of mental and physical disabilities. There is an argument of the mentally ill contribute to society in way nobody could predict, but if it was up to that person, they would probably prefer to be healthy than mentally ill. It is obviously not easy to deal with the disabilities; for the most part we think it's a onetime thing, but the reality is that those people have to cope with their illnesses for the rest of their lives, and that's a handful for most.

            Everybody should have the right to live a healthy life. The manipulation of Pandora's box is very important in the future success of the human race. There is no point in funding research so heavily just so that it could be shutdown because of uncertainty. Science is way of improving our earth, and it would be pointless to throw away the most important discovery in history. it will give the potentially disabled a fighting chance, a chance to be a healthy human, to feel just like everybody else, not an outcast. 

Should We or Should We Not?


What now can be accomplished in the world, especially in the scientific field is truly amazing and illustrates how far humanity has come over time. After Watson and Crick discovered the secret of life by determining the structure of DNA, scientists have been making discovery after discovery. Upon sequencing the human genome in 2003, the question is whether or not we should open Pandora’s Box? This has been debated repeatedly between the science community and the world. Breakthroughs in scientific research and health continue to keep the discussion at the forefront. The chance of genetic engineering being able to cure birth defects (ex. Down syndrome), diseases like cancer and etc, is why opening Pandora’s Box could change the world forever. However, many humans believe altering our human genome is ethically wrong and brings up the question, what happens if this technology gets into the wrong hands?  The consequences of this transpiring could be devastating, so, the question of “just because we can should we?” is asked. In my opinion, I do believe that humanity should be able to alter the human genome because I believe humanity is capable of managing this technology appropriately, as we have learned from our mistakes in the past.

Imagine living in a world where there were no more genetic diseases like cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, etc. Humans born with defects and diseases no longer would have to suffer the effects. People with these conditions also have limits on what they can do in life, and have an emotional and a physical affect on them. The ultimate purpose of Watson obtaining a 3 billion dollar grant from the U.S. government for the Human Genome Project in 1990 was to use this information and to unlock the potential to save millions of lives who suffer from genetic diseases. Well, we have discovered the 3 billion nitrogenous bases that make up our genome, so why are we not using it to help those who are affected with deadly diseases and defects that affect their life each and every day. By just knowing the sequence of the human genome and not applying this knowledge is wasting all of the 3 billion dollars used to make this technology available. If we are not going to use this technology, we would have been better off donating the money to charities to help others with very little. Another question to ask is why governments are investigating billions of dollars into health research to find cures when the possible cure is right in our fingertips by genetic engineering. Last year governments invested about 4.9 billion dollars to cancer research alone and the cost of treatment for cancer in 2010 was 124 billion dollars. Treatment costs are only increasing with more advanced therapies becoming available to patients. Even with these advanced therapies people are still suffering from their diseases and the very treatment that is supposed to be helping them. For example, cancer patients may experience hair lost from chemotherapy, delirium (malfunction of the brain), sleeping disorders, fatigue, etc. All of these effects are from the treatment that is supposed to be affecting the caner, not them. All of this suffering could possibly end through genetic engineering. In conclusion, if I had a child that I learned from doctors would be born with a genetic disease, and had the choice of altering his genome, I would definitely do so. Today, 6% of abortions are carried out because the parents are informed by their doctor their child will be born with a defect. Opening Pandora’s box could save the lives of these children.


References:
"We are failing to segregate morons who are increasing and multiplying… a dead weight of human waste… an ever-increasing spawning class of human beings who never should have been born at all." – Margaret Sanger." This Is Abortion. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. <http://thisisabortion.wordpress.com/birth-defects/>.

"Cost of Cancer - Center for Cancer Research Funding." Cost of Cancer - Center for Cancer Research Funding. Center for Cancer Research Funding, n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. <http://www.careforcures.org/Cost-of-Cancer-Research-Funding.html>.

"National Cancer Institute." The Cost of Cancer -. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. <http://www.cancer.gov/aboutnci/servingpeople/cancer-statistics/costofcancer>.

"Side effects of cancer treatments." Side effects of cancer treatments. MamasHealth, INC., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. <http://mamashealth.com/cancer/ceffects.asp>.

Friday 17 January 2014

Just Because We Can, Should We? By: Adrienne Symons


Sequencing the complete Human Genome was one of the greatest discoveries in genetics. The Human Genome can be thought of as “The Book of Man,” as it includes the complete series of 3,200,000,000 nucleotides found in the human body. This discovery lead to the controversial questions, “Just because we can… should we? Should mankind be permitted to alter the genetic code?” I am a firm believer that the few disadvantages in permitting alterations to the genetic code outweigh the many advantages. These large-scale disadvantages include, the potential violation of genetic information, the misuse of genetic engineering and an even greater over-population on Earth than what currently stands.



The privacy of information has always had an importance in the lives of Canadian’s and people worldwide. It protects the secrecy of personal information such as, medical histories, race, criminal records, etc. Imagine we lived in a world where all of that information was public knowledge. The Human Genome Project has led us to superior knowledge on disorders and diseases, directly associated with genes. What if you future employer or insurance company got their hands on your genome and found out you carry the cancer gene. Will they want to hire you even though you will need to take many sick days? Wouldn’t they rather hire someone who genetically modified this gene? Will your insurance company increase your rates? The potential violation of genetic information is a big disadvantage to being able to alter a person’s genetic code. Who will be the one to control this privacy of information, and will it really be enough?

Misuse and unethical practices are another negative aspect of genetic engineering. Francis Collins expressed his concern, “As a Christian, but also as a scientist responsible for overseeing the Human Genome Project, one of my concerns has been the limits on applications of our understanding of the genome. Should there be limits? I think there should. I think the public has expressed their concern about ways this information might be misused.”

Physical appearances have become the priority of many, due to our technologically advanced and materialistic world. Many people nowadays strive for that ‘Magazine Baby,’ with the perfect little nose and big blue eyes. Genetic engineering could be used for cosmetic reasons. Parents
would be able to hand pick their child’s genes. In a sense, we are ultimately messing with nature’s ways. We are interfering with something that does not need any aid. Who will be the power that draws the line, not allowing such things to occur? Could anyone really take on that role?


Lastly, with a current population of approximately 7 billion, the Earth is already considered to be over-populated. Approximately one in eight people currently suffer form malnutrition. If genetic engineering was used to cure people of life threatening illnesses and lengthen their life span, that would make for an even greater amount people to feed. Not only would the hunger rate increase, but the world’s lifespan would also decrease due to the greater consumption of goods. Our world is already considered “overshot” since humans consume more than the Earth can produce. In other worlds, our ecological footprint is higher than the Earth’s biocapacity. Genetic engineering would increase the Earth’s population at an even greater rate than previously, due to the elimination of diseases and illnesses. As our population grows, we must understand the Earth remains the same size. It can only take so much before it will die out. Why mess with the natural world?



The consequences involved with the alterations of genetic codes are of great severity compared to the positive outcome that could come of it. Leaks of personal information, outbreaks in the misuse of alterations and the strain on the planet are too high of risks to overcome. Sequencing the human genome lead to many discoveries about the human body as we now have a greater understanding of genetics, but it must be left at that. Physically changing genetic codes should be out of the question, as the negatives exceed the positives.



Works Cited
"Quoterature." Quotes by Francis Collins. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <http://www.quoterature.com/francis-collins-quotes>.

"DNA - Episode 3 of 5 - The Human Race - PBS Documentary." YouTube. YouTube, 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJu9dL7a3ZI>.

"DNA - Episode 5 of 5 - Pandora's Box - PBS Documentary." YouTube. YouTube, 23 Mar. 2013. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe4EW3AOgzs>.

"The Human Genome Project." The Human Genome Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/health/hgenome.html>.

Wednesday 15 January 2014

              The study of molecular genetics has developed quite remarkably over the past century. The Human Genome Project, which was conducted from 1990 to 2003, has allowed scientists (and the general public) to gain substantial knowledge about the sequence of the human genome. By mapping out the order of every nitrogenous base that sets humans apart from other species, scientists have discovered the potential that lays in the future applications of gene manipulation. Now that the genome has been successfully sequenced, and its contents have been openly shared amongst society, modern technology can be used to identify many of the trademark genes linked to a variety of genetic disorders, such as diabetes, breast cancer, and hemophilia. Knowledge is an incredibly powerful tool and this information can be utilized in developing gene therapy that target these trademark genes and manipulate them in such a way that the disease (and thus the future of the individual) is beneficially altered. The purpose of initiating the Human Genome Project in 1990 was to apply this information and to unlock its potential to help millions of suffering people worldwide. To deny the exploration of this knowledge would be equivalent to denying millions of people the right to a healthy, rewarding life, free from any form of mental, physical or financial suffering. The Human Genome Project required billions of dollars, thousands of global employees and countless hours of dedicated work. This price needed to be paid in order to unlock the cures, treatments and therapies that lie in its code. It would be incredibly selfish and pointless to have gotten this far in molecular genetic research and decide to terminate it. There is no purpose in knowing the sequence of the 3 billion nitrogenous bases that make up our genome, unless it is given the opportunity to be applied. Many applications of gene therapy will require the manipulation of the genome. The human species is one characterized by intelligence, creativity and comprehension. It would be a shame to end the extent of our research when the result could certainly be the end of suffering for those struggling with genetic disorders.
 
           I personally have been affected with the diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes, which has been thought to possess a genetic component. The gene linked with Type 1 Diabetes has already been identified as the CTLA-4 gene region on chromosome 2. Being diabetic has exposed me to a variety of physical, emotional and financial challenges. Being affected by any genetic disease does not end on the day of diagnosis—it is a lifelong struggle that requires constant medical attention, and chronic fear. If given the choice, I would certainly choose to have this disorder cured, both for myself as well as the millions of other young children coping with Type 1 Diabetes. The acquisition of this knowledge gives us the power to change it, and would likely lead to a cure. Gene manipulation provides a substantial amount of hope for people like me who deal with a genetic condition on a daily basis. It would drastically alter our standard of life in a beneficial manner, and the relief that it will bring can only be understood by those who have been personally affected by this inevitable suffering that is associated with genetic disorders. Denying the potential for the development of genetic applications that could lead to the alleviation of the suffering of millions would be cruel and hypocritical to the initial intention behind the HGP. The human species has been blessed with vast amounts of knowledge and insight, and it is time to focus on serving the common good of society by unleashing the knowledge (and limitless applications) that lie within the human genome.

Works Cited

"DNA - Episode 5 of 5 - Pandora's Box - PBS Documentary." YouTube. YouTube, 23 Mar. 2013. Web. 9 Jan. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe4EW3AOgzs>.

"Human Molecular Genetics - Type 1 Diabetes and the CTLA-4 Gene Region." Oxford Journals. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/7/1075.short>.

"An Overview of the Human Genome Project." Genome.gov. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.genome.gov/12011238>.

Just because We Can... We Should.


Starting from the beginning of time, humans were essentially clueless to life, and everything associated with it. The knowledge that is now available about humans, evolution and adaption has not only increased but also arisen. This information has unfolded because people were open to new ideas, topics and opinions. As humans we are hot wired to evolve, take on new tasks and discover new possibilities. A new possibility that has been disclosed is the human genome project, which will allow a large expansion on gene expression, activity and how they can be altered. Ample controversy has arisen from this, as there are still unanswered questions according to the effects it might have. Even though there poses a risk, I believe we should use the human genome to guide the altering of genes for medical purposes only, because if we never try we will never know. 

There are many diseases that are present in our society today that are either curable or treatable.  The reason that they are curable or treatable is because scientists in the past have used their knowledge available for them to create medication to deal with the problem.  As the world evolves and moves on, there has been more technology to detect larger, untreatable or incurable medical issues. The fact is that science in the past has used the insight that was given to them to cure diseases, to release pain, to save lives.  Currently we are gifted with a decodable code that will potentially present us with the power and wisdom to help those with medical issues. Leaving the genome unused would change the way that humans have been looking at science since the beginning of time. Closing Pandora’s box would close the potential to advance in the world of science.

I have been blessed with a healthy body, in the means that I have never been diagnosed with a disease or medical issue. Even though I have never experience this firsthand, I have been surrounded by it all my life, through friends, family, and the community. The thing that I have learned is that medical issues effect people different ways and at different intensities. I could be incorrect but I think I’m fair to assume that most people detest pain, emotional pain, or physical pain. When I sit back and think about it, millions of people are in pain at every second, there is a away to decrease or diminish the pain, the solution is not being used, it is wrong. If using the human genome to cure one person from their disease, release them from their hospital bed, release them from pain, I would say yes.

Donating money to organizations trying to cure diseases comes frequently, since everyone wants to do what they can to help fund for research. It seems futile to be donating money to these organizations when realistically the secret to curing the disease has already been found. There has been large funding that has been done for the human genome project. Deciding not to use this information found would put all the hard work and money to waste.

To conclude, everything happens for a reason, which means that we were supposed to find the human genome. Closing the box that gives us the potential to do life-alerting things seems irresponsible, as it is our job as humans to advance with science, and we are one click away.


Work Cited



"DNA - Episode 3 of 5 - The Human Race - PBS Documentary." YouTube. YouTube, 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.



"DNA - Episode 5 of 5 - Pandora's Box." YouTube. YouTube, 23 Mar. 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. .



 "Genetic Information Discrimination." Genetic Discrimination. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.

Sunday 12 January 2014

A Molecular Biology Online Debate

After watching the 2 videos (DNA: Human Race and DNA: Pandora's Box) and discussing bioethics issues related to advances in molecular biology, we must ask ourselves:  "Just because we can, should we?"

In this blog debate, present your opinions supported by strong arguments and credible sources.  Refer to the rubric provided in class for assessment guidelines.  Your initial blog entry outlining your position should be posted by Tuesday.  You are also required to respond to at least one other blog entry by Thursday.  Comments to other blog posts should be done with respect and should be focused on critiquing the author's position on the subject and should not be an attack on the author him/herself.

Happy Blogging!